First, the origin, distribution, nutritional value, and economic benefits of lotus root lotus root, abbreviated lotus, alias lotus, lotus root, etc. Originated from China, the planting history is more than 3,000 years. It is an aquatic crop that is widely used. It is not only available Food, medicinal, or one of China's top ten famous flowers, is loved by the majority of the people.
Lotus root body is a treasure, its roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit have economic value. In addition to lotus root and lotus seeds for food, pollen, lotus leaf, lotus root, etc., can also be used as dishes or beverages and health foods. The Chinese wolfberry contains 10~20% of starch and 1~2% of protein. The content of starch and protein in lotus seeds is as high as 40~50% and 19~22%, respectively. It also contains many kinds of vitamins and is an excellent aquatic vegetable and non-staple food. , For raw food, cooked food, processing tanks, making candied fruit and lotus root starch. The products are more resistant to storage and transportation, and have a very wide market in the domestic and foreign markets, and are important commodities for export earnings. Lotus root is a commonly used medicine for traditional Chinese medicine, such as lotus root, lotus root, lotus root, petals, stamens, and lotus leaves.
The lotus flower is often used as an important plant material for water features in Chinese gardens because of her colorful flowers, leafy and elegant fragrance.
Lotus root is widely distributed in our country and has abundant resources. From the northeast land to Hainan Island, it has traces from the coast of the East China Sea to the Tibet Plateau. The main producing areas are in the Yangtze River Valley and the Huanghe-Huaihe River Basin, and Hubei, Jiangsu, and Anhui Provinces. The largest planting area is currently estimated at 50-700,000 hectares of cultivated area in China, and the cultivated area in Hubei Province is about 90,000 hectares. In the future, with the development and utilization of lake and beach resources in vast water towns, the adjustment of rural industrial structure and further opening up to the outside world, China's lotus root production and sales will surely get new developments and improvements.
Second, the growth and development characteristics of lotus root is a perennial rooting plant, once a year to complete its annual growth and development. In an annual growth cycle, it has to undergo various growth stages such as budding, leaf spreading, flowering, fruiting, scabbing, and dormancy. It is different from most plants that first grow after long-lasting leaves or after long-lasting flowering. In the early stage of growth, they are first long-leaved and then blossomed. By the middle stage, they are the same as leaves and flowers. Flowering and fruiting are not as uniform and consistent as other plants, but flowering one after another, one after another, buds, flowers, fruits, and leaves can often co-exist in the same plant. After the final flowering, it begins to grow in the late stages of growth and development. Therefore, the difference between lotus root and other plants is reflected in the following: it is not the first vegetative growth, followed by reproductive growth, but the vegetative growth throughout its entire growth and development process.
According to the law of growth and development of lotus root, it is generally divided into five periods: seedling stage, seedling stage, flower and fruit stage, crust stage and dormancy stage:
1. Seedling period: From the beginning of the sprouting of the seedlings to the first leaf. When the average temperature rises to 15°C, the lotus sprouts begin to sprout. The leaves that grow during this period are all floating leaves. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in general in early April, lotus sprouts grow into floating leaves, and leaves are raised in mid-May. In Yunnan and South-western China, germination began in early March, while Henan, Shandong and other places in northern China began to grow in late April or early May. The Northeast does not begin to sprout until early June. The phenological period of lotus is also related to the variety. Under normal circumstances, the germination period of lotus is the best period of lotus root colonization.
2, into the seedling stage: from the emergence of the first piece of leaves until the bud. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River generally start in the middle of May into the seedling stage. The typical characteristics of this period are the rapid growth of plants, the increasing number of leaves, the increase of the total leaf area, the enhancement of the efficiency of photosynthesis, the acceleration of the formation and accumulation of nutrients, and the formation of a huge nutritional system in the short term.
3, flower and fruit period: from bud emergence to the emergence of the end of the leaf. The flowers of lotus root are successively open. The flowering period generally lasts about 2 months. The number of flowering differs depending on the variety. After the lotus has grown from 3 to 4 leaves, it is basically a leaf. The lotus flowers are less or even without flowers. The river valley in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River generally begins to flower in June and is in full bloom from July to August.
4. Scarring period: from the appearance of the rear leaves to the upper part of the plants, yellowing and withering. When the lotus grows to a certain period, the rhizomes begin to swell and form pods. Early maturing cultivars are generally in early July, and mid-late maturing cultivars enter this period in late July or early August.
5. Dormancy period: yellowish and withered from the aerial parts of the plants. After the new lotus plants are completely formed, until the buds and the top buds begin to germinate in the second spring. The Yangtze River valley is generally a dormant dormancy period from late October to the following March.
Third, the requirements of environmental conditions Lotus is hi light thermophilic plants. The initial temperature of the bud of lotus is about 15°C. The optimum temperature for growth is 28～30°C. The temperature difference between day and night is large, which is conducive to the formation of lotus root enlargement.
Lotus can not leave the water during the entire growth period, suitable depth below 100 cm. When the same species is planted in shallow water, the lotus roots are short in internodes and the number of nodes is large, while in deep water, the internodes are elongated and the number of nodes is reduced.
Lotus soil requirements are not strict, can grow in a wide range, the appropriate PH value of 6.5 to 7.5. The fertilizer is suitable for growing in the clay soil with rich organic matter, deep plowing layer (30-50 cm) and strong water retention ability.
Fourth, types and varieties
1, type according to different basis, can be divided into different types of lotus root. For example, based on the main cultivation purposes, lotus root can be divided into three types: Hualien, seed lotus and lotus. For the purposes of flower viewing, it is called Hualian, and for the purpose of harvesting lotus seeds, it is called seed lotus to harvest the underground of the hypertrophy. Rhizomes are called lotus roots and are usually called lotus root, lotus root, lotus root, etc.
According to the suitable cultivation depth, it is divided into two categories. One is shallow waterlogging, which refers to the cultivation of suitable water depths of 5 to 50 centimeters; the other is deep waterlogging, which refers to the cultivation of suitable water depths of 50 to 100 cm.
In addition, according to maturity can be divided into precocious type, medium maturity type, late maturity type. and many more.
2. The varieties of lotus varieties are very rich in resources. Now we will briefly introduce some varieties of lotus varieties that are widely cultivated and promoted.
1, E Lian number 1 early mature. Less flowers. Into the mud shallow, the main bow 6 to 7 section, length 130 cm, single weight 5kg, skin color yellow and white. In the first half of July, 1,000 hectares of green lotus root can be harvested, and after 9-10 months, about 2000-2,500 kg of mature waxweed can be harvested.
2, E Lian 4 medium cooked. The flowers are white, the main pod is 5-7 knots, and the length is 120-150 cm. The single weigh is about 5-6 kg. The tip section is thick and the skin is yellowish-white. In the middle and late July, it can receive green lotus root, with a yield of about 750-1000kg per mu. In September, it can start harvesting and ripening. The yield is about 2500kg per mu. The raw food is sweeter, and the soup is more flour, and it is also suitable for fried food.
3, E Lian No. 5 (3735) Early and middle maturity. The main gong is 5-6 knots, 120 cm long, thick with thick flesh, small ventilation holes, and white skin. In the middle and late July, there will be 500-800kg of green lotus root per mu, and 2500kg of mature waxberry will be produced in late August. Strong growth potential, no premature aging, strong resistance, stable production, good taste of fried food and soup, and popularity in the southern and export markets.
4, the new number 1 lotus root main section 5 to 6 sections, 120 centimeters long. Skeleton-type hypertrophy, crisp white flesh, good merchandise. After mature in mid-late August, the average yield per mu is about 2500kg. Soup powder, salad, fried and sweet.
V. The purpose and significance of the research on micro-species research In recent years, with the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, many rice fields have been replanted with water-repellent aquatic vegetables such as lotus roots, and the old lotus root production areas have enhanced the cultivation advantages of lotus roots. Also actively replacing new varieties of lotus root, and many varieties of lotus root in old production areas due to long planting time, serious degradation, and serious diseases, so the demand for the species increased rapidly. For more than ten years, the Eichhornia new varieties of E-Lian No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5, which were bred by the Wuhan Institute of Vegetable Research, have been promoted to more than 160 in 18 provinces across the country. Counties and cities have achieved good social and economic benefits. However, lotus root is a crop dominated by vegetative propagation. Its underground rhizomes are both product organs and reproductive organs. They use more than 200 kg per acre. They are bulky, wasteful, inconvenient to transport, and costly. The low coefficient (about 1:10), long cycle (one year), easy pathogens, and the supply of new lotus varieties are far from meeting the market's needs, limiting the production of lotus roots. The use of biotechniques such as tissue culture and rapid propagation of lotus root is an effective way to solve the above problems. Therefore, we have carried out technical research on relevant aspects. First of all, we obtained the tissue culture of lotus seedlings by tissue culture. However, the transplantation of tube seedlings is difficult, the survival rate is low, and the application in production is limited. We continue to study the induction of in vitro clams, which are induced on the basis of test-tube seedlings. The test tube worm generally has 3-5 sections, an average length of about 3 cm, a thickness of about 0.5 cm, and a weight of about 2 grams. It is a complete isolated organ, which overcomes the defects of the test tube seedlings, facilitates long-distance transportation, and increases the survival rate of transplanting. It was greatly improved. In 2001, we conducted a small-scale test of planting in pots and hoe fields. We have successfully grown into commercial cockroaches. However, due to the small size of individual clams (only weighing about 2 g), they are easy to float in field applications and are prone to weeds in the early stages. Covering and being affected by bad weather, the technical requirements for cultivation and management are relatively high, and it is still inconvenient for farmers to master the promotion. Therefore, we also conducted outdoor hydroponic breeding on the basis of clams to form miniature species. Miniature species of quail about 250 grams, larger than the test tube larvae, smaller than conventional maggots, both the advantages of both tube cultivars and conventional quail, easy for farmers to grasp and apply. The micro-cultivars are non-toxic, cost-effective, labor-saving, and high-efficiency. They are mainly used to replace the traditional cultivation seeds of lotus root and accelerate the replacement of lotus varieties.
Sixth, the main advantages of miniature species are:
1, rapid reproduction. The conventional species is bred with an edible quail, with a propagation coefficient of 1:10. For a pod of 10 acres, a pod of 1 acre is reserved. Miniature ticks are based on the rapid propagation of tissue culture techniques. A stem tip can breed thousands of branches each year, which is conducive to the promotion of new varieties.
2, easy to transport and carry, save costs, reduce losses, to facilitate long-distance farmers to buy species. The traditional species is larger in size, generally weighing 4 to 5 kg, length 100 to 120 cm, and using more than 200 kg per mu. The miniature species generally has about 0.25 kg and about 30 cm long. At the time of breeding, 120 to 150 seeds per mu were used, and the total weight was about 30 to 40 kg. Can greatly save long-distance transportation costs and losses.
3. The cultivation and management techniques are more simple and convenient, and the survival rate is high, which is beneficial to the farmers to master the application of this technology.
4, without germs. Lotus root disease has become a major factor that restricts the production of lotus roots. Miniature species are obtained through shoot apex culture. In the first step, bacteria are removed. Since corruption is spread through species and soil, it is very important to introduce disease-free species in Xinyi District.
5, can be factory production. Tissue culture is carried out in an artificially controlled indoor environment and is not subject to seasonal restrictions.
In 2003 and 2004, we conducted field planting experiments on micro-species for two consecutive years. The results showed that at the beginning of colonization, micro-seeds grew slower than conventional ones and their leaves were smaller. One month later, micro-seeds grew. The speed is higher than conventional seedlings. In the late growth period, the plant height approaches or exceeds the conventional seedlings.
If micro-species are used in production, they should have broad prospects.
Lotus root body is a treasure, its roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit have economic value. In addition to lotus root and lotus seeds for food, pollen, lotus leaf, lotus root, etc., can also be used as dishes or beverages and health foods. The Chinese wolfberry contains 10~20% of starch and 1~2% of protein. The content of starch and protein in lotus seeds is as high as 40~50% and 19~22%, respectively. It also contains many kinds of vitamins and is an excellent aquatic vegetable and non-staple food. , For raw food, cooked food, processing tanks, making candied fruit and lotus root starch. The products are more resistant to storage and transportation, and have a very wide market in the domestic and foreign markets, and are important commodities for export earnings. Lotus root is a commonly used medicine for traditional Chinese medicine, such as lotus root, lotus root, lotus root, petals, stamens, and lotus leaves.
The lotus flower is often used as an important plant material for water features in Chinese gardens because of her colorful flowers, leafy and elegant fragrance.
Lotus root is widely distributed in our country and has abundant resources. From the northeast land to Hainan Island, it has traces from the coast of the East China Sea to the Tibet Plateau. The main producing areas are in the Yangtze River Valley and the Huanghe-Huaihe River Basin, and Hubei, Jiangsu, and Anhui Provinces. The largest planting area is currently estimated at 50-700,000 hectares of cultivated area in China, and the cultivated area in Hubei Province is about 90,000 hectares. In the future, with the development and utilization of lake and beach resources in vast water towns, the adjustment of rural industrial structure and further opening up to the outside world, China's lotus root production and sales will surely get new developments and improvements.
Second, the growth and development characteristics of lotus root is a perennial rooting plant, once a year to complete its annual growth and development. In an annual growth cycle, it has to undergo various growth stages such as budding, leaf spreading, flowering, fruiting, scabbing, and dormancy. It is different from most plants that first grow after long-lasting leaves or after long-lasting flowering. In the early stage of growth, they are first long-leaved and then blossomed. By the middle stage, they are the same as leaves and flowers. Flowering and fruiting are not as uniform and consistent as other plants, but flowering one after another, one after another, buds, flowers, fruits, and leaves can often co-exist in the same plant. After the final flowering, it begins to grow in the late stages of growth and development. Therefore, the difference between lotus root and other plants is reflected in the following: it is not the first vegetative growth, followed by reproductive growth, but the vegetative growth throughout its entire growth and development process.
According to the law of growth and development of lotus root, it is generally divided into five periods: seedling stage, seedling stage, flower and fruit stage, crust stage and dormancy stage:
1. Seedling period: From the beginning of the sprouting of the seedlings to the first leaf. When the average temperature rises to 15°C, the lotus sprouts begin to sprout. The leaves that grow during this period are all floating leaves. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in general in early April, lotus sprouts grow into floating leaves, and leaves are raised in mid-May. In Yunnan and South-western China, germination began in early March, while Henan, Shandong and other places in northern China began to grow in late April or early May. The Northeast does not begin to sprout until early June. The phenological period of lotus is also related to the variety. Under normal circumstances, the germination period of lotus is the best period of lotus root colonization.
2, into the seedling stage: from the emergence of the first piece of leaves until the bud. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River generally start in the middle of May into the seedling stage. The typical characteristics of this period are the rapid growth of plants, the increasing number of leaves, the increase of the total leaf area, the enhancement of the efficiency of photosynthesis, the acceleration of the formation and accumulation of nutrients, and the formation of a huge nutritional system in the short term.
3, flower and fruit period: from bud emergence to the emergence of the end of the leaf. The flowers of lotus root are successively open. The flowering period generally lasts about 2 months. The number of flowering differs depending on the variety. After the lotus has grown from 3 to 4 leaves, it is basically a leaf. The lotus flowers are less or even without flowers. The river valley in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River generally begins to flower in June and is in full bloom from July to August.
4. Scarring period: from the appearance of the rear leaves to the upper part of the plants, yellowing and withering. When the lotus grows to a certain period, the rhizomes begin to swell and form pods. Early maturing cultivars are generally in early July, and mid-late maturing cultivars enter this period in late July or early August.
5. Dormancy period: yellowish and withered from the aerial parts of the plants. After the new lotus plants are completely formed, until the buds and the top buds begin to germinate in the second spring. The Yangtze River valley is generally a dormant dormancy period from late October to the following March.
Third, the requirements of environmental conditions Lotus is hi light thermophilic plants. The initial temperature of the bud of lotus is about 15°C. The optimum temperature for growth is 28～30°C. The temperature difference between day and night is large, which is conducive to the formation of lotus root enlargement.
Lotus can not leave the water during the entire growth period, suitable depth below 100 cm. When the same species is planted in shallow water, the lotus roots are short in internodes and the number of nodes is large, while in deep water, the internodes are elongated and the number of nodes is reduced.
Lotus soil requirements are not strict, can grow in a wide range, the appropriate PH value of 6.5 to 7.5. The fertilizer is suitable for growing in the clay soil with rich organic matter, deep plowing layer (30-50 cm) and strong water retention ability.
Fourth, types and varieties
1, type according to different basis, can be divided into different types of lotus root. For example, based on the main cultivation purposes, lotus root can be divided into three types: Hualien, seed lotus and lotus. For the purposes of flower viewing, it is called Hualian, and for the purpose of harvesting lotus seeds, it is called seed lotus to harvest the underground of the hypertrophy. Rhizomes are called lotus roots and are usually called lotus root, lotus root, lotus root, etc.
According to the suitable cultivation depth, it is divided into two categories. One is shallow waterlogging, which refers to the cultivation of suitable water depths of 5 to 50 centimeters; the other is deep waterlogging, which refers to the cultivation of suitable water depths of 50 to 100 cm.
In addition, according to maturity can be divided into precocious type, medium maturity type, late maturity type. and many more.
2. The varieties of lotus varieties are very rich in resources. Now we will briefly introduce some varieties of lotus varieties that are widely cultivated and promoted.
1, E Lian number 1 early mature. Less flowers. Into the mud shallow, the main bow 6 to 7 section, length 130 cm, single weight 5kg, skin color yellow and white. In the first half of July, 1,000 hectares of green lotus root can be harvested, and after 9-10 months, about 2000-2,500 kg of mature waxweed can be harvested.
2, E Lian 4 medium cooked. The flowers are white, the main pod is 5-7 knots, and the length is 120-150 cm. The single weigh is about 5-6 kg. The tip section is thick and the skin is yellowish-white. In the middle and late July, it can receive green lotus root, with a yield of about 750-1000kg per mu. In September, it can start harvesting and ripening. The yield is about 2500kg per mu. The raw food is sweeter, and the soup is more flour, and it is also suitable for fried food.
3, E Lian No. 5 (3735) Early and middle maturity. The main gong is 5-6 knots, 120 cm long, thick with thick flesh, small ventilation holes, and white skin. In the middle and late July, there will be 500-800kg of green lotus root per mu, and 2500kg of mature waxberry will be produced in late August. Strong growth potential, no premature aging, strong resistance, stable production, good taste of fried food and soup, and popularity in the southern and export markets.
4, the new number 1 lotus root main section 5 to 6 sections, 120 centimeters long. Skeleton-type hypertrophy, crisp white flesh, good merchandise. After mature in mid-late August, the average yield per mu is about 2500kg. Soup powder, salad, fried and sweet.
V. The purpose and significance of the research on micro-species research In recent years, with the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, many rice fields have been replanted with water-repellent aquatic vegetables such as lotus roots, and the old lotus root production areas have enhanced the cultivation advantages of lotus roots. Also actively replacing new varieties of lotus root, and many varieties of lotus root in old production areas due to long planting time, serious degradation, and serious diseases, so the demand for the species increased rapidly. For more than ten years, the Eichhornia new varieties of E-Lian No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5, which were bred by the Wuhan Institute of Vegetable Research, have been promoted to more than 160 in 18 provinces across the country. Counties and cities have achieved good social and economic benefits. However, lotus root is a crop dominated by vegetative propagation. Its underground rhizomes are both product organs and reproductive organs. They use more than 200 kg per acre. They are bulky, wasteful, inconvenient to transport, and costly. The low coefficient (about 1:10), long cycle (one year), easy pathogens, and the supply of new lotus varieties are far from meeting the market's needs, limiting the production of lotus roots. The use of biotechniques such as tissue culture and rapid propagation of lotus root is an effective way to solve the above problems. Therefore, we have carried out technical research on relevant aspects. First of all, we obtained the tissue culture of lotus seedlings by tissue culture. However, the transplantation of tube seedlings is difficult, the survival rate is low, and the application in production is limited. We continue to study the induction of in vitro clams, which are induced on the basis of test-tube seedlings. The test tube worm generally has 3-5 sections, an average length of about 3 cm, a thickness of about 0.5 cm, and a weight of about 2 grams. It is a complete isolated organ, which overcomes the defects of the test tube seedlings, facilitates long-distance transportation, and increases the survival rate of transplanting. It was greatly improved. In 2001, we conducted a small-scale test of planting in pots and hoe fields. We have successfully grown into commercial cockroaches. However, due to the small size of individual clams (only weighing about 2 g), they are easy to float in field applications and are prone to weeds in the early stages. Covering and being affected by bad weather, the technical requirements for cultivation and management are relatively high, and it is still inconvenient for farmers to master the promotion. Therefore, we also conducted outdoor hydroponic breeding on the basis of clams to form miniature species. Miniature species of quail about 250 grams, larger than the test tube larvae, smaller than conventional maggots, both the advantages of both tube cultivars and conventional quail, easy for farmers to grasp and apply. The micro-cultivars are non-toxic, cost-effective, labor-saving, and high-efficiency. They are mainly used to replace the traditional cultivation seeds of lotus root and accelerate the replacement of lotus varieties.
Sixth, the main advantages of miniature species are:
1, rapid reproduction. The conventional species is bred with an edible quail, with a propagation coefficient of 1:10. For a pod of 10 acres, a pod of 1 acre is reserved. Miniature ticks are based on the rapid propagation of tissue culture techniques. A stem tip can breed thousands of branches each year, which is conducive to the promotion of new varieties.
2, easy to transport and carry, save costs, reduce losses, to facilitate long-distance farmers to buy species. The traditional species is larger in size, generally weighing 4 to 5 kg, length 100 to 120 cm, and using more than 200 kg per mu. The miniature species generally has about 0.25 kg and about 30 cm long. At the time of breeding, 120 to 150 seeds per mu were used, and the total weight was about 30 to 40 kg. Can greatly save long-distance transportation costs and losses.
3. The cultivation and management techniques are more simple and convenient, and the survival rate is high, which is beneficial to the farmers to master the application of this technology.
4, without germs. Lotus root disease has become a major factor that restricts the production of lotus roots. Miniature species are obtained through shoot apex culture. In the first step, bacteria are removed. Since corruption is spread through species and soil, it is very important to introduce disease-free species in Xinyi District.
5, can be factory production. Tissue culture is carried out in an artificially controlled indoor environment and is not subject to seasonal restrictions.
In 2003 and 2004, we conducted field planting experiments on micro-species for two consecutive years. The results showed that at the beginning of colonization, micro-seeds grew slower than conventional ones and their leaves were smaller. One month later, micro-seeds grew. The speed is higher than conventional seedlings. In the late growth period, the plant height approaches or exceeds the conventional seedlings.
If micro-species are used in production, they should have broad prospects.
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