Due to the large body weight of Nicholas' large turkeys, artificial insemination must be performed in order to ensure high fertility rates.
First, the preparation of a turkey group
The first is the preparation of male turkeys: After male turkeys are selected for retention after 16 to 18 weeks of age and 29 to 30 weeks of age, sperm collection training is conducted 1 to 2 weeks before the breeding season. If it is found that the genital protrusion is not obvious, the color of semen is abnormal, the color of semen is abnormal, and the amount of semen is less than 0.1 milliliters of male turkey, it should be marked so that the next time the sperm is collected, observations can be made. Eliminated. Male turkeys had good sexual responses at the first and second sperm collections, with good semen density, milky white color, and a sperm volume of 0.2-0.4 ml. At this time, the turkey should be examined for semen.
The second is the preparation of female turkeys: female turkeys are transferred to breeding turkey houses at 28 weeks of age, and the light hours are increased by 0.5 to 1 hour per week on the original 8 hours basis and extended to 16 hours until the protein in the feed is reached. The calcium content increased to 16% and 2.25%, respectively. Due to the increase of the illumination time, the mother turkey has begun to squat, and some mother turkeys have been put into production. Therefore, preparations for artificial insemination should be done in time.
Second, the male turkey's sperm
The semen collection method is most commonly used with massage methods, and it is safe, easy, and easy to grasp.
The method of extracting sperm by massage requires 3 people to cooperate. One person is the main picker, and the other two are assistants. They are responsible for Baoding and mastering semen collection. The semen were sitting on a long wooden bench (about 1.2 meters long, 0.35 meters wide and 0.4 meters high) and they straddle on both sides of the wooden bench. The stool surface is wrapped with a soft cloth or a soft bag like a sack to prevent bruising of turkey breast skin. Semen and Baoding people seize the waist and legs of the male turkey and place their chest on a wooden bench. Their legs naturally hang down. After the male turkey is fixed, the sperm extractor holds the root of the tail of the male turkey with his left hand and gently massages the tail with his right hand. The two hands cooperate for 3 to 4 times, and then the right hand pushes the massage from the back to the tail base several times, then the male turkey The genital protrusion protrudes rhythmically outward. At this time, the spermator's right thumb and the other 4 fingers sequestered on both sides of the anal ring to form a squeezing movement. The left hand was placed on the belly of the male turkey to form a reflective erection, and the semen was located along the sides of the reproductive folds. The longitudinal groove is discharged, and the semen should be quickly collected into the collection cup.
Third, the insemination of female turkeys
1. Insemination preparation for female turkeys:
Before insemination, a certain amount of seminal fluid is dispensed into each vas deferens, and 0.025 to 0.03 milliliters of semen is contained inside, or a glass pipette is used to inject the semen into the vagina of the female turkey, and the same effect can be obtained.
If you use a graduated glass pipette to inseminate, you need to cooperate. The anal fistula pricks the female turkey's feet (crotch) with his right hand, head down, tail up, and the chest is clamped in between the knees of the anorthos and applies a certain amount of left leg to the left abdomen of the female turkey. With pressure, the cloaca was opened and the fallopian tube at the top left was pulled out.
2. Insemination depth:
The vagina of the female turkey has a "V"-shaped curve of about 8-10 centimeters in length, and the sphincter of the uterus and the vagina is also stronger. Therefore, the method of shallow infertility of the fallopian tube should be used in production, and the depth of 2 cm is appropriate, and it can receive good results.
3. Insemination and insemination:
The amount of insemination and the number of insemination should be based on the quality of semen. High sperm motility, high density, less insemination, insemination after dilution. If the original semen is used for insemination, the amount is 0.025 ml, but the actual amount of insemination in production is generally more than 0.025 ml. The density of sperm in turkey semen is high. Generally, the number of sperm per ml of semen reaches 7 billion to 8 billion. Therefore, the number of effective spermatozoa per input is approximately 70 to 90 million or 100 million.
When the turkey group's egg production rate reaches 5%, the first insemination begins, followed by the second insemination on the fourth day, followed by insemination once weekly. As the age of turkeys increases, the egg production and fertilization rate will fall. Therefore, in the later period of laying of female turkeys (after 18 weeks of egg production), the frequency of insemination should be increased to maintain a high fertility rate.
4. Insemination time:
The insemination time for female turkeys should be after the laying of eggs, ie 3 to 4 pm. Tests have shown that female turkeys that have hard-shelled eggs in the oviduct are inseminated and have a low fertilization rate.
IV. Rearing and management during brooding
1. Drinking water: After the young turkeys are connected to the brooding room, clean drinking water should be given immediately. From 1 to 3 days old, penicillin and streptomycin can be added to cold boiled water at a dose of penicillin 2000 units/day for 2 times a day, which is very effective in preventing staphylococcal disease and ferret disease in young turkeys. it is good. The number of drinking fountains or sinks should be sufficient, distributed evenly, and of a moderate height to facilitate hatchery applications.
2. Open food: According to local practical experience, the suitable time for the first feeding is 12 to 24 hours after hatching. Feeds should be eaten fresh, moderate grain size, easy to feed, nutritious, easily digestible, commonly used corn crumbs, millet, broken rice, 1 to 2 days after the change feed with the diet. Young turkeys eat spicy food such as onions, garlic sprouts, lettuce, and leeks. They can chop them and chop a small amount and mix them with feed to train young turkeys to feed. These feeds contain the traces necessary for the growth and development of young turkeys. Element - titanium.
Shanghai Agricultural University keeps large Nicholas turkeys. The average consumption of 5.41 kilograms per young turkey from 1 to 8 weeks of age, and the feed conversion ratio is 2.04:1. However, the actual consumption of material is related to the hatching season of chicks, the energy level of the diet, the structure of the trough, the feeding method, and the health status of the turkey.
Open the food with a shallow flat trough, or spread the feed on a paper that has been sterilized. The broiler room should have a certain degree of light illumination and temperature to facilitate feeding.
3. Ventilation: The metabolism of young turkeys is particularly strong and they breathe fast, so indoor air must be fresh. Indoors excrement and litter due to moisture rot, often emit a large number of harmful gases, pollute the air, extremely detrimental to the growth and development of young turkeys. When the indoor carbon dioxide concentration reaches 7% to 8%, it can cause choking of young turkeys. Young turkeys are more sensitive to ammonia, and the ammonia concentration in the room should not be higher than 210-5, otherwise it will reduce the disease resistance and cause respiratory diseases. Hydrogen sulfide is more toxic and its concentration should not exceed 110-5.
V. Rearing and management during the breeding period
The growing period roughly refers to the period of 9-30 weeks (before opening), and its husbandry and management will determine the constitution, egg production status and species value of turkey after sexual maturity.
1. The nutritional characteristics of turkeys in the rearing period: According to the developmental characteristics of turkeys in the rearing period, the content of various nutrients in the diet should be reduced accordingly, especially the level of crude protein in the diet should decrease with the weight of the turkey, but the fire The feed intake of chickens increases with the age. Therefore, the metabolic energy level should be reduced in the diet to prevent excessive fat accumulation in the body.
2. Restricted feeding: The method of feeding every other day is better. That is, the two-day feed amount is combined into one-day feed. Due to the large amount of feed, each turkey has the opportunity to feed, so that the turkey group grows more evenly and the weight difference is small, but the water can not be cut off on the day of withdrawal. In production practice, the degree of developmental uniformity of the turkey population is determined based on the fact that 80% of individual individuals in the turkey group reach the average weight of the entire population by 10%.
3, add trace elements: turkey breeding period, common turkey swollen ankle, claws abnormal growth, stomping feet, crooked feet, tendon slip, feather messy, dull and other symptoms. The main reasons for this happening are a single type of feed, especially lack of animal protein feeds and trace elements and vitamins; or improper combination of diets, unbalanced nutrient content, poor feed management, and destruction of nutrients. In addition, some viruses and bacteria directly invade the joints, so we must pay attention to the difference.
6. Breeding and management of breeding turkeys
1. Pre-production preparation: Turkeys are generally 30 weeks old at the start of production, and each species has a slightly different opening age. Before the mother turkey is ready for production, it is necessary to choose another seedling type and have enough nest boxes to place the nests in the turkey house about 10 days in advance. Large turkeys can be reared at 28 to 29 weeks of age as appropriate, and begin to increase the dietary energy, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus, vitamins, and trace element additives.
2. Egg production at the peak of feeding and management points: After the start of turkey production, the egg production rate doubled. For example, at the Shanghai Farming Institute, turkey breeding Nicholas turkeys have a production age of 2,290.43 days. The average egg production at 22 weeks and 30 weeks of production are 74 eggs and 90 eggs respectively, reaching the peak of egg production at 38 weeks of age. Therefore, it is necessary to feed well-nourished and high-quality diets from the time of opening to the peak of egg production, and to maintain the stability of various nutrient components and proportions in the diet. At the same time, it is necessary to keep the environment quiet and have a suitable microclimate so that the breeding turkey can reach its peak of production. Every effort must be made to create conditions that will maintain the health and productivity of the turkey population, stabilize production, and extend the duration of egg production peaks.
3. Day-to-day management: First of all, making post-production records is one of the important contents of day-to-day management. Records include egg production, egg weight, body weight, survival, death and elimination, feed consumption, etc. The management personnel should always check the actual production records and find that the problems are corrected in time. Secondly, the chickens are often observed for the purpose of understanding the health and feeding conditions of turkeys, screening for turkeys and turkeys, and eliminating or raising them in time to increase annual egg production and feed conversion rates, prevent diseases, and Reduce the purpose of mortality. It is also necessary to maintain good and stable environmental conditions, keep the environment quiet and use the light correctly. The temperature and general information in the turkey house should meet the requirements. Generally, 4 to 5 female turkeys should be equipped with 1 nest box. The litter in the nest box should be soft and comfortable, and it should be replaced frequently. Finally, we must strictly follow the requirements of the epidemic prevention system to carry out regular operations for each project, maintain environmental hygiene, and regularly clean and disinfect food tanks and sinks to prevent feeding of moldy feeds.
4. Special management of male turkeys: When young turkeys are 1 to 2 days old, they should cut off the meat cones on their heads to prevent them from affecting vision and feeding during adulthood. 9 to 10 days old when the implementation of broken. The proportion of male and female turkeys can be selected from 1:15 to 1:20 for artificial insemination.
The selection of male turkeys should begin at the stage of bred, that is, people should begin to choose their traits such as growth and development, weight gain and appearance when they are 16-18 weeks old. For example, the criteria for staying on the face of Nicholas male turkeys are: body weight above the group average, well-proportioned, wide head, moderate size, straight neck, wide and deep chest, wide back, sternum straight, strong and firm legs, toes Straight without bending, strong male characteristics, flexible action, responsive alertness. When the male turkey reaches maturity (around 30 weeks of age), a comprehensive evaluation is performed according to the quality and quantity of the semen.
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