The age at which fish reach sexual maturity varies by species. For example, carp typically mature around 2 years old, while the common carp matures at about 3 years. Grass carp usually reach maturity between 5 to 6 years, and the bighead carp matures at 6 to 7 years. The silver carp, on the other hand, reaches maturity earlier, around 1 year. There is a noticeable difference in the maturation age between males and females, with males generally maturing about one year earlier than females.
In terms of weight, the body weight of first-time mature females varies significantly among species. A mature female carp weighs approximately 1 kg, while a white bream (white peony) reaches 4–6 kg. Grass carp females weigh 6–7 kg when mature, and herring females can reach 12–16 kg. The male carp, however, tends to be smaller, usually weighing around 0.2 kg when sexually mature. Males are generally lighter than females at the time of sexual maturity.
The sex ratio in fingerlings is typically 1:1 to 1:1.5. This ratio helps determine the appropriate population for breeding, ensuring a balanced and effective mating process.
Sex determination in fish is mainly based on secondary sexual characteristics. For example, male grass carp have a few rays on their pectoral fins that appear star-like or "star-tracking," and their pectoral fins are narrower and longer, extending more than half the distance from the base of the pectoral fin to the dorsal fin. Their belly scales are smaller and sharper, while females lack these features, with shorter pectoral fins and larger, rounder belly scales. Male fish also tend to have a rough texture when touched on the abdominal area, whereas females feel smoother. In whitefish, males develop a carious ridge on their head, while females either lack it or have a shorter one. Male squids have knife-like teeth near the pectoral fins, while females do not. Additionally, male pectoral fins are larger and longer compared to those of females.
When selecting parent fish, it's essential to ensure they exhibit the typical physical traits of their species. They should also have a healthy appearance, with a robust and plump body, vibrant coloration, no visible injuries or parasites, and strong vitality. These factors contribute to successful breeding and the production of healthy offspring.
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