The main working components of a cultivator are generally categorized into two types: shovel-type and rotary-type. Among these, the shovel-type is the most commonly used and is further divided into three subtypes: weeding shovel, loosening shovel, and soil-shaping shovel. Each type serves a specific function in the cultivation process.
First, the weeding shovel is designed for removing weeds from between crop rows. It comes in three variations: single-wing, winged, and ventilated. The single-wing weeding shovel is ideal for early weed control, typically operating at a depth of no more than 6 cm. It consists of a horizontal blade and a vertical guard plate. The blade is used to loosen the soil, while the guard plate prevents soil compaction and includes cutting edges to avoid clogging from grasses. In the cultivator, the single-blade shovel is usually placed on both sides of the seedlings, resulting in left and right versions that must be installed carefully. Winged weeding shovels function similarly to single-wing ones but are often used together with them for better efficiency.
Next, the loosening shovel is used to break up the soil between crop rows without flipping it over. It can reach a depth of 13–16 cm. This tool consists of a blade tip and a handle. The blade tip varies in shape, including chisel-shaped, arrow-shaped, and birch-shaped. The chisel-shaped blade is narrow and flattens the soil during the loosening process, ensuring even coverage. Although this design was common in older models, the arrow-shaped blade has a triangular tip and a curved surface, which results in a smoother, looser soil structure after cultivation. Many modern Chinese cultivators now use this type. The birch-shaped blade is suitable for initial tilling on ridges, featuring a triangular tip and a curved surface similar to the arrow-shaped one, but with an extended wing for better performance.
Finally, the soil-shaping shovel is used for cultivating and forming ridges. It comes in two types: curved and flat. The curved type has a rounded blade tip and chest, offering strong crushing ability. Its left and right earthing walls are semi-circular, providing excellent soil-turning capability. During operation, it breaks up the soil rows and pushes them to both sides. The blade tip is narrow, making the bottom of the furrow narrow and improving weeding effectiveness on ridge sides. The spade blade and chest are hinged, and the opening width of the earthing walls is adjusted using a regulating wall, ranging from 275 to 430 mm, which accommodates various row spacings. This type is widely used in dryland areas of northern China.
The flat-type earthen shovel is more suited for ridge areas in the northeast. It is primarily used for barnyardgrass removal and soil loosening, and can also form ridges when equipped with earthboards. In the first cultivation pass, a 200 mm wide birch plow is often used instead of an earthboard. For the second pass, a 250 mm zinc plow adjusts the board to the center position. By the third pass, a 350 mm triangular rake is used to set the earthboard to its maximum opening angle. (Xue Yunlian)
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