The main working components of a cultivator are typically divided into two categories: shovel-type and rotary-type. Among these, the shovel-type is the most commonly used and further classified into three types: weeding shovel, loosening shovel, and earth-moving shovel. Each type serves a specific purpose in soil preparation and crop maintenance.
First, the weeding shovel is designed to remove weeds from the field. It comes in three varieties: single-wing, winged, and ventilated. The single-wing weeding shovel is ideal for early-stage weed control and operates at a depth of up to 6 cm. It consists of a horizontal blade and a vertical guard plate. The blade is used for loosening soil, especially in areas like alfalfa fields, while the guard plate prevents soil compaction and includes cutting edges to avoid clogging from grasses. In the cultivator setup, the single-blade shovel is placed on both sides of the seedlings, resulting in left and right versions that must be installed carefully. Winged weeding shovels function similarly but are often used together with single-wing models for more efficient weeding.
Next, the loosening shovel is used to loosen the soil between crop rows without flipping it over. It can reach depths of 13 to 16 cm, making it ideal for improving soil aeration and root development. This type of shovel includes a blade tip and a handle. The blade tip comes in different shapes—chisel-shaped, arrow-shaped, and birch-shaped. The chisel-shaped blade is narrow and helps flatten the soil during cultivation. Although this design was once common, it has been largely replaced by more advanced models. The arrow-shaped blade has a triangular tip and a curved surface, which results in better soil fragmentation and a smoother ditch bottom. Many modern Chinese cultivators now use this type. The birch-shaped blade is suitable for initial tillage on ridges, featuring a triangular tip and a curved working surface. It differs from the arrow-shaped blade mainly by the extended wings that extend backward.
Finally, the earth-moving shovel is used for cultivating soil and forming ridges. It can be further categorized into curved and flat types. The curved type features a blade tip and body made of arc-shaped surfaces, offering strong crushing power. Its side walls are semi-circular and help turn the soil effectively, allowing the rows to be broken and pushed to both sides. The blade tip is narrow, creating a narrow ditch base with strong weed control on the ridge. The blade and body are hinged, and the opening width of the side walls is controlled by a regulating wall, adjustable between 275 mm and 430 mm, suitable for various row spacing requirements. This type is widely used in dryland areas of northern China. The flat type is more suited for ridge farming in the northeastern region. It is primarily used for barnyardgrass removal and can also form ridges when equipped with earth boards. During the first cultivation, a 200 mm wide birch plow replaces the earth board; for the second pass, a 250 mm zinc plow adjusts the board to the center; and during the third pass, a 350 mm triangular rake positions the board at its maximum angle. (Xue Yunlian)
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