Alias: Rhizoma Coptidis, Rhizoma Coptidis, Niu Jinhua, Eight Steps, Gravity Grass
Family Genus: Populaceae Chelidonium
Scientific name: Chelidonium majus L.
Category: Whole Herb
Distribution:
Widely cultivated across the country, including the Northeast, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and other regions.
Morphological Characteristics:
Plant Height: 30–90 cm
The main root is conical and yellowish-brown. Stems are erect, ranging from 30 to 100 cm in height, with many branches, covered in a white powdery coating, sparsely hairy, and exuding a yellow milky sap when broken. Leaves are alternate, 1–2 pinnately divided; basal leaves are 10–15 cm long, with 2–5 pairs of entire lobes, deeply and irregularly lobed, with irregularly cut edges. The apical lobe is broadly ovate, base cuneate, and extends downward. The upper surface is subglabrous, while the lower surface is sparsely pubescent and covered in white powder. Cauline leaves are similar to the basal ones.
Flowers: Several, arranged in a sub-umbellate cluster. Sepals are small, ovate, about 1.5 mm in size, with filiform pedicels that are pubescent. There are two caducous sepals, elliptic, sparsely hairy on the outside. Petals are four, yellow, ovate, approximately 9 mm long. Stamens are numerous, with yellow filaments. The pistil is single, glabrous, and has a short style. The capsule is cylindrical, up to 3.5 cm long, containing numerous oval, small, dark brown seeds with a glossy texture. Flowering occurs from May to July, and fruiting takes place from June to August.
Use:
It is used for medicinal purposes. Additionally, there is a large-flowered variety known as large-flowered celandine, which features larger petals, measuring 1.3–1.5 cm in length. This variety is mainly found in the Northeast region.
Source: The whole plant of the herb Chelidonium majus L.
It grows on hillsides, along ditches, in grasslands, or along forest edges.
Harvesting Season: Excavated during summer and autumn. Washed, dried, or quickly dried.
Ingredients: Contains chelidonic acid, chelidonine, protopine, chelerythrine, berberine, coptisine, and others.
Pharmacology:
Experimental studies using chelerythrin extracts showed a significant cytotoxic effect on human esophageal cancer cells (Fca-109). Alcohol extracts at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/ml were tested, resulting in cell death rates of 55% and 61%, respectively. At higher concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/ml), the killing effect increased proportionally. Methanol extracts of celandine exhibited strong anti-cancer activity against mouse sarcoma (S180) and Ehrlich solid tumor (ESC). When administered intratumorally at doses of 350 mg/kg and 700 mg/kg over seven days, the tumor growth indices were 0.45 and 0.55, respectively, and the inhibition indices for ESC were 0.44 and 0.52. The drug demonstrated minimal toxicity. A new compound called Ukrain, extracted from celandine, was found to have a strong lethal effect on malignant cells [Cow Group, et al., Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1994, 29(3):138].
Clinical Applications: Used in the treatment of digestive and respiratory cancers.
(1) Austrian researchers isolated a potential anti-cancer compound named Ukrain from celandine. They used it to treat 300 cancer patients, achieving tumor regression in 30% of cases and stopping metastasis, proving that the drug increases oxygen consumption in tumor cells, leading to their death [Foreign Drug News, 1986(12):22].
(2) A traditional formula includes Yuan jujube root (70g), celandine, B-wood, barley, and Ciwujia (each 30g), Sanling and Curcuma (each 9g), or alternatively Yuan jujube (90g), celandine, B-wood, Acanthopanax (each 30g), and walnut branches (15g). The mixture is decocted in water and taken orally once daily, twice a day. Additional ingredients may be added based on symptoms, such as Canadian Yuan Hu for pain, Black toilet plus three seven (60g), Angelica, and white peony (each 30g) for specific conditions. For physical weakness, Schisandra (15g), Astragalus, Codonopsis, and Cyperus rotundus (each 30g) are added. This formula has been used to treat 50 cases of gastric cancer, achieving a total effective rate of 52% [13: 359–360].
Function and Indications:
Acts as an analgesic, expectorant, diuretic, and detoxifier. Used to treat gastrointestinal pain, jaundice, edema, abscesses, and snake bites.
1 "Chinese Herbal Medicine Zhi Zhi": "Effective for stomach pain and ulcers. Can be applied externally for expectorant and swelling relief by applying raw juice."
2 "Shanxi Herbal Medicine": "Helps reduce fever, inflammation, and provides analgesic and sedative effects."
3 "Sichuan Traditional Chinese Medicine": "Used to treat liver cirrhosis, skin tuberculosis, beriberi, gallbladder disease, and edema with jaundice."
4 "Shaanxi Herbal Medicine": "Helps treat snake bites, relieve pain and swelling."
5 "Northern Chinese Herbal Medicine": "Provides analgesic, cough-suppressant, antibacterial, diuretic, and wound-healing properties. Effective for acute and chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers, abdominal pain, diarrhea, cough, and ascites caused by liver cirrhosis."
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