1 Papaya Diseases There are currently a number of papaya diseases known. Among them, the most common and most dangerous is the papaya ring mosaic caused by the virus. In addition, there are anthrax, leaf spot, and storage diseases.
1.1 Papaya ring spot mosaic disease Papaya ring spot mosaic disease, commonly known as mosaic disease, occurs in the main planting areas of papaya. Symptoms: At the beginning of the disease, there are water-stained spots between the stems, veins, and veins of the young leaves. Subsequently, yellow-green and dark-green and light-green mosaic symptoms appear on the young leaves; they also appear on the epidermis of susceptible fruits. Water spots round spot (ring spot), several round spots can be combined into an irregular shape. During the cold period, most of the leaves of the diseased plants fell off and the young leaves became deformed. Pathogens of papaya virus include papaya mosaic virus, papaya ring spot virus and papaya leaf-defying virus. The natural transmission media is peach aphid and cotton aphid, and the transmission rate is very high. Friction is very easy to spread, and the leaves of diseased plants in the field can be infected by contact with the leaves of healthy plants.
Incidence conditions: 1 climatic conditions. In warm and dry years, serious problems occur. Therefore, under the climatic conditions in Guangzhou, there may be two peak periods of disease and one strain of disease returning to the green period in one year. From April to May and from October to early November, the average monthly temperature is 20 to 25°C. At this time, the average number of strains is the most and the symptoms are the most obvious. From July to August, the average temperature is 27 to 28°C. The symptoms disappear or slow down. High temperature has an inhibitory effect on the virus. The diseased plants are warmed to 40°C per day and heated for 4 hours for 4 consecutive days. The diseased plants are obviously green and the lesions can disappear. However, after a few days of stopping high temperature, the symptoms reappear. 2 orchard location. Because this disease is mainly transmitted by the mites, all the plants adjacent to the old orchard or diseased plants adjacent to the orchard have a fast onset and a high incidence. The orchards planted year after year have an early onset and high incidence. 3 The growth period and growth status of the plants. Papaya can be susceptible to the entire growth stage.
Control methods: At present, there is no radical method. Only integrated control measures based on cultivation measures are adopted. 1 Select resistant varieties. 2 Strengthen cultivation and management, improve cultivation and management measures, and enhance plant resistance to (resistance to) disease. 3 timely removal of diseased plants. 4 eliminate the source of disease and properly isolate it. 5 drug off. In the peak period of the migration of locusts, spraying in particular during the dry season. The locusts around the orchard like to inhabit weeds and they should also be aware of the removal.
1.2 Papaya Anthrax This disease is the second most important disease after Papaya ring spot mosaic disease, and it commonly occurs in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan. The disease can occur throughout the year, with the most serious fall, with more incidence of young fruit and mature fruit, which can continue to be harmed during fruit storage. The disease mainly affects the fruit, followed by damage to the leaves, petioles and stems. The victim's fruit surface first appeared yellow or dark brown spots of water-stained spots. As the lesions gradually enlarge, the lesions are sunken in the middle, concentric ring patterns appear, and the scarlet crenule grows, and the black spots become smaller. On the leaf blade, lesions mostly occurred at the tips of the leaves and leaf margins, brownish, irregularly shaped, with small black spots on the spots. The pathogen is anthrax pathogen, and the pathogens in the sick body overwinter. In the high temperature and humidity conditions, it is conducive to disease epidemic, conidia spread by wind and rain and insects, from the pores, wounds or directly from the skin invasive.
Control methods: 1 Winter Garden. Thoroughly remove the body of the disease, concentrate burned or buried deeply, and spray Bordeaux multi-injection once. 2 chemical control. In August-September, the spraying season was sprayed once every 10 to 15 days during the onset of the disease, and even sprayed 3 to 4 times. The agent can be used 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 800 to 1000 times, 40% extermination Wei suspension 250 to 350 times or 50% carbendazim WP 800 times spray, and promptly remove the disease . 3 Timely harvesting of fruits to avoid over-harvesting and injuring the fruit during picking, spraying 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times two weeks before fruit picking, which can play a role in preservation and preservation.
1.3 After the onset of papaya tumor, the leaves become smaller, the petioles are shortened, and the tips of the young leaves turn brown and die. The leaves can be curled and shed. The female flowers can change their male flowers and the flowers often die. When the fruit is very small, it falls off. There is milk outflow on the fruit, young leaves, flowers, stems, and white dry matter on the outflow site. The onset of the disease is characterized by the outflow of milk from the young fruit stage to the early stage of ripening. Most of the fruit emerges from the sunny side of the fruit. The peel will slowly rot and soften when it flows out of the juice. The ulcerated part will turn brown and the fruit without ulceration will have a tumor. Prominent, bumpy. Severe diseased fruits were degenerated and aborted, and young white seeds became brown and necrotic. This is a physiological disease caused mainly by the lack of boron in the soil.
Control methods: timely addition of boron. Boron can be applied to the soil or external application of boron, use boric acid or borax, dig a small hole next to the plant, each hole borax 2 ~ 5g or boric acid 3g, usually applied 1 ~ 2 times. The external application of boron can spray 0.2% boric acid, spray once every other week, and even spray 3 to 5 times. Borax or boric acid should be completed when the papaya plants are budding.
2 Major Papaya Pests The common pests that damage Papaya are papaya round scale insects, red spiders, aphids, and snails. The seedlings are also often victimized by underground tigers, giant salamanders, and other underground pests.
2.1 Red spiders, with nymphs and rhizomes, act on the back of leaves and draw juice. The green leaves of the victims were yellow spots. When the leaves were severely damaged, the yellow spots became patchy. The symptoms were mosaic disease. The chlorosis of the damaged leaves affected photosynthesis, and the leaves were severely detached and the plant growth was affected. In the Guangdong region, papaya has been infested by red spiders all year round. It occurs more than 20 generations a year and overlaps from generation to generation, but peaks occur from April to May and from August to November.
Control methods: 1 Agricultural control. When the papayas are cut off, timely removal of field residues and weeds is required. 2 biological control. It was found that red spiders could injure water 3 or 4 times, reduce the population population, and protect natural predators against red spiders. 3 In the peak period, chemical control was performed. When considering the use of pesticides, the type, method and frequency of pesticide application should be considered and natural enemies should be protected as much as possible. Colloidal sulfur suspension can be used 250 times, spraying every 5 to 7 days during the larval incubation period, and spraying 2 or 3 times. Acaricides can also be used 73% Kete EC 1500 ~ 2000 times, 5% Nisuolene 2000 times or 50% Torque 2000 ~ 2500 times and so on.
2.2 Ascaris Aphids is one of the main vectors of Papaya ring spot mosaic disease, mainly peach aphid and cotton aphid. Control methods: 1 nursery should be away from peach host plants, clearing field weeds. 2 Cut off diseased diseased locust strains. 3 cover the surface of the silver-gray film. Seedlings and early growth stage with gauze (32 mesh) net room flood control. 4 Aphids were detected and applied at the peak of their application. Can be used 50% Bataan soluble powder 1000 times, 40% Dimethoate EC 1000 times, 50% Aowei Wei WP 2000 ~ 3000 times or 50% Malathion EC 1500 ~ 2000 times liquid and so on.
1.1 Papaya ring spot mosaic disease Papaya ring spot mosaic disease, commonly known as mosaic disease, occurs in the main planting areas of papaya. Symptoms: At the beginning of the disease, there are water-stained spots between the stems, veins, and veins of the young leaves. Subsequently, yellow-green and dark-green and light-green mosaic symptoms appear on the young leaves; they also appear on the epidermis of susceptible fruits. Water spots round spot (ring spot), several round spots can be combined into an irregular shape. During the cold period, most of the leaves of the diseased plants fell off and the young leaves became deformed. Pathogens of papaya virus include papaya mosaic virus, papaya ring spot virus and papaya leaf-defying virus. The natural transmission media is peach aphid and cotton aphid, and the transmission rate is very high. Friction is very easy to spread, and the leaves of diseased plants in the field can be infected by contact with the leaves of healthy plants.
Incidence conditions: 1 climatic conditions. In warm and dry years, serious problems occur. Therefore, under the climatic conditions in Guangzhou, there may be two peak periods of disease and one strain of disease returning to the green period in one year. From April to May and from October to early November, the average monthly temperature is 20 to 25°C. At this time, the average number of strains is the most and the symptoms are the most obvious. From July to August, the average temperature is 27 to 28°C. The symptoms disappear or slow down. High temperature has an inhibitory effect on the virus. The diseased plants are warmed to 40°C per day and heated for 4 hours for 4 consecutive days. The diseased plants are obviously green and the lesions can disappear. However, after a few days of stopping high temperature, the symptoms reappear. 2 orchard location. Because this disease is mainly transmitted by the mites, all the plants adjacent to the old orchard or diseased plants adjacent to the orchard have a fast onset and a high incidence. The orchards planted year after year have an early onset and high incidence. 3 The growth period and growth status of the plants. Papaya can be susceptible to the entire growth stage.
Control methods: At present, there is no radical method. Only integrated control measures based on cultivation measures are adopted. 1 Select resistant varieties. 2 Strengthen cultivation and management, improve cultivation and management measures, and enhance plant resistance to (resistance to) disease. 3 timely removal of diseased plants. 4 eliminate the source of disease and properly isolate it. 5 drug off. In the peak period of the migration of locusts, spraying in particular during the dry season. The locusts around the orchard like to inhabit weeds and they should also be aware of the removal.
1.2 Papaya Anthrax This disease is the second most important disease after Papaya ring spot mosaic disease, and it commonly occurs in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan. The disease can occur throughout the year, with the most serious fall, with more incidence of young fruit and mature fruit, which can continue to be harmed during fruit storage. The disease mainly affects the fruit, followed by damage to the leaves, petioles and stems. The victim's fruit surface first appeared yellow or dark brown spots of water-stained spots. As the lesions gradually enlarge, the lesions are sunken in the middle, concentric ring patterns appear, and the scarlet crenule grows, and the black spots become smaller. On the leaf blade, lesions mostly occurred at the tips of the leaves and leaf margins, brownish, irregularly shaped, with small black spots on the spots. The pathogen is anthrax pathogen, and the pathogens in the sick body overwinter. In the high temperature and humidity conditions, it is conducive to disease epidemic, conidia spread by wind and rain and insects, from the pores, wounds or directly from the skin invasive.
Control methods: 1 Winter Garden. Thoroughly remove the body of the disease, concentrate burned or buried deeply, and spray Bordeaux multi-injection once. 2 chemical control. In August-September, the spraying season was sprayed once every 10 to 15 days during the onset of the disease, and even sprayed 3 to 4 times. The agent can be used 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 800 to 1000 times, 40% extermination Wei suspension 250 to 350 times or 50% carbendazim WP 800 times spray, and promptly remove the disease . 3 Timely harvesting of fruits to avoid over-harvesting and injuring the fruit during picking, spraying 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times two weeks before fruit picking, which can play a role in preservation and preservation.
1.3 After the onset of papaya tumor, the leaves become smaller, the petioles are shortened, and the tips of the young leaves turn brown and die. The leaves can be curled and shed. The female flowers can change their male flowers and the flowers often die. When the fruit is very small, it falls off. There is milk outflow on the fruit, young leaves, flowers, stems, and white dry matter on the outflow site. The onset of the disease is characterized by the outflow of milk from the young fruit stage to the early stage of ripening. Most of the fruit emerges from the sunny side of the fruit. The peel will slowly rot and soften when it flows out of the juice. The ulcerated part will turn brown and the fruit without ulceration will have a tumor. Prominent, bumpy. Severe diseased fruits were degenerated and aborted, and young white seeds became brown and necrotic. This is a physiological disease caused mainly by the lack of boron in the soil.
Control methods: timely addition of boron. Boron can be applied to the soil or external application of boron, use boric acid or borax, dig a small hole next to the plant, each hole borax 2 ~ 5g or boric acid 3g, usually applied 1 ~ 2 times. The external application of boron can spray 0.2% boric acid, spray once every other week, and even spray 3 to 5 times. Borax or boric acid should be completed when the papaya plants are budding.
2 Major Papaya Pests The common pests that damage Papaya are papaya round scale insects, red spiders, aphids, and snails. The seedlings are also often victimized by underground tigers, giant salamanders, and other underground pests.
2.1 Red spiders, with nymphs and rhizomes, act on the back of leaves and draw juice. The green leaves of the victims were yellow spots. When the leaves were severely damaged, the yellow spots became patchy. The symptoms were mosaic disease. The chlorosis of the damaged leaves affected photosynthesis, and the leaves were severely detached and the plant growth was affected. In the Guangdong region, papaya has been infested by red spiders all year round. It occurs more than 20 generations a year and overlaps from generation to generation, but peaks occur from April to May and from August to November.
Control methods: 1 Agricultural control. When the papayas are cut off, timely removal of field residues and weeds is required. 2 biological control. It was found that red spiders could injure water 3 or 4 times, reduce the population population, and protect natural predators against red spiders. 3 In the peak period, chemical control was performed. When considering the use of pesticides, the type, method and frequency of pesticide application should be considered and natural enemies should be protected as much as possible. Colloidal sulfur suspension can be used 250 times, spraying every 5 to 7 days during the larval incubation period, and spraying 2 or 3 times. Acaricides can also be used 73% Kete EC 1500 ~ 2000 times, 5% Nisuolene 2000 times or 50% Torque 2000 ~ 2500 times and so on.
2.2 Ascaris Aphids is one of the main vectors of Papaya ring spot mosaic disease, mainly peach aphid and cotton aphid. Control methods: 1 nursery should be away from peach host plants, clearing field weeds. 2 Cut off diseased diseased locust strains. 3 cover the surface of the silver-gray film. Seedlings and early growth stage with gauze (32 mesh) net room flood control. 4 Aphids were detected and applied at the peak of their application. Can be used 50% Bataan soluble powder 1000 times, 40% Dimethoate EC 1000 times, 50% Aowei Wei WP 2000 ~ 3000 times or 50% Malathion EC 1500 ~ 2000 times liquid and so on.
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