Causes of damage increase of citrus fruit fly and control methods

**I. Causes of the Increase in Hazards** 1. **Persistent Pest Population**: Despite years of collaborative efforts, citrus fruit fly populations have remained in marginal areas such as village outskirts, underproductive lands, isolated trees, and newly developed regions. In recent years, these pests have started to spread into major production zones. The most severe infestations are now occurring in new citrus-growing areas, the edges of main production zones, and orchards near waxing plants and trading centers. The continued presence of a large pest base is a key reason for the rising damage. 2. **Neglect in Prevention and Control**: Farmers have become less vigilant in managing their orchards, especially in border regions where administrative control is weak. When management is neglected, pest sources can quickly multiply. Discarded mandarins are often thrown into rivers, manure pits, pigsties, or toilets, spreading the infestation further. Additionally, the migration of rural laborers has left remote orchard areas unattended, making it harder to manage the pest population effectively. 3. **Pest Resistance and Extended Activity Periods**: Long-term use of a single pesticide, trichlorfon, has led to increased resistance among citrus fruit flies. Even with higher doses, the effectiveness of control has declined. The abundance of nectar-rich plants supports longer adult activity periods and extended egg-laying seasons. Mountainous regions also present challenges due to varied microclimates, which extend the overwintering period of the pests. This makes chemical control less effective and contributes to greater damage. 4. **Frequent Citrus Trade**: With a growing market economy, citrus fruits are widely traded across the country. Improper disposal of rotten fruits during transportation unintentionally spreads the pests, increasing the risk of infestation in new areas. **II. Comprehensive Prevention and Control Methods** 1. **Strengthening the Prevention Chain**: Traditional joint defense methods focus on controlling four critical points: ground closure, adult trapping, fruit removal, and transport quarantine. The "five unifications" — unified leadership, actions, timing, spraying, and removal — have been key strategies. However, in practice, many localities only emphasize the last three steps, neglecting the importance of ground blocking. Now, more attention should be given to soil cultivation and killing overwintering pests to reduce the insect base and lower control costs. After ground blocking, adult trapping and removal should follow. Trapping methods include using bottles or bowls filled with pesticide solutions to attract and kill adults. 2. **Emphasizing Bottle (Bowl) Trapping**: Instead of relying solely on spraying, bottle trapping is more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. To make the traps, cut plastic bottles at 10 cm from the bottom, create slits, and fold the sides to form a rain cover. Fill them with a mixture of trichlorfon and sugar or bait, and hang them at a height of 1–1.5 meters. Replace the solution every 7–10 days. This method is simple, reusable, and effective for capturing adult pests. 3. **Alternating Pesticides**: During the egg-laying phase, use a variety of pesticides alternately. For example, mix 90% dipterex at 600 times dilution with 3% brown sugar or 0.02% fly bait at 600 times. Spray this solution every 7–10 days, applying it 3–4 times. Avoid spraying if rain is expected within 24 hours. 4. **Reducing Canopy Spraying**: Instead of spraying the entire orchard, focus on one-third of the tree canopy in the middle and upper parts. For isolated trees, full coverage is still necessary. Apply sprays starting from low-lying orchards and then move to higher elevations. 5. **Deep Burial of Infested Fruits**: After removing the fruits, dig deep holes (1.5 meters) and bury the waste. Spray the area with dichlorvos or trichlorfon solutions before covering with soil. Repeat this process during the next ground-blocking season to prevent reinfestation. 6. **Diverse Planting and Zoning**: Introducing a variety of plant species and implementing zoning strategies can disrupt the food chain of the citrus fruit fly and reduce the need for large-scale joint defense. Encourage mixed planting within villages and group-based management. 7. **Strict Transport Quarantine**: Prohibit the sale of citrus from infected areas to non-infected regions. Prevent farmers from bringing infested fruits to markets or exporting them. Enforce strict inspections on incoming citrus to avoid introducing new pests. 8. **Establishing a Professional Defense Team**: Government funding, local responsibility, and technical support from county and township departments should be combined. Assign clear responsibilities to individuals and ensure that all prevention steps are carried out effectively. Create specialized teams to provide technical assistance and improve the efficiency of joint defense efforts.

Anti-Viral

The virus is composed of a nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA) with a protein consisting of non-cell morphology of the campal life of the living body. The general symptoms of viral infection are fever, headache, cough and other symptoms of systemic poisoning and viral host and invasion of tissues and organs leading to inflammatory symptoms caused by local symptoms (diarrhea, rash, liver function damage, etc.). Different symptoms of the different virus, some viruses can also damage the myocardium, causing viral myocarditis. There are two types of viral infections, mostly recessive infections (subclinical infections), and a few are dominant infections. Dominant infection can be divided into acute infection and persistent infection. There are many ways of antiviral infection, such as direct inhibition or killing of viruses, interference with virus adsorption, prevent viruses from penetrating cells, inhibit viral biosynthesis, inhibit viral release or enhance host antivirus capabilities. At present, there are several major types of antiviral drugs: Anti-Respiratory virus infection drugs, anti-immune virus drugs, anti-hepatitis virus drugs, anti-herpes virus drugs.

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