**I. Causes of the Increase in Hazards**
1. **The Pest Base Still Exists**
Despite years of joint efforts to control citrus fruit flies, the pest has remained in marginal villages, edge lands, scattered trees, and newly established orchards that haven't yet produced fruit. Recently, these pests have started spreading into major production areas. The most severe infestations are now found in new citrus-growing regions, the peripheries of main production zones, and orchards near waxing plants and trading centers. The large number of surviving pests is a key reason behind the rising damage.
2. **Neglect of Pest Control and Management Lapses**
Many farmers have become less vigilant in managing their orchards. Administrative border areas often lack proper oversight, leading to unchecked breeding grounds. When management is neglected, the insect population can quickly rebound. Improper disposal of overripe or damaged mandarins—such as throwing them into rivers, manure pits, pigsties, or toilets—spreads the infestation further. Additionally, migration and labor movement have left some remote orchards unattended, making it harder to monitor and control the fruit fly.
3. **Increased Resistance and Longer Adult Activity**
Prolonged use of a single pesticide, such as trichlorfon, has led to increased resistance among citrus fruit flies. Even with higher dosages, the effectiveness of chemical control has declined. The abundance of nectar sources supports longer adult activity and extended egg-laying periods. In mountainous regions, microclimate variations contribute to prolonged development cycles, making it more difficult for chemical treatments to be effective. This leads to greater damage over time.
4. **Frequent Citrus Trade**
With a well-developed market economy, citrus fruits are widely traded across the country. Discarded rotten fruits from transportation and markets can inadvertently spread the pest, increasing the risk of infestation in new areas.
**II. Comprehensive Prevention and Control Methods**
1. **Strengthening Key Prevention and Control Measures**
Traditional joint defense strategies focus on controlling the "four key points" — ground blocking, adult trapping, fruit removal, and transport quarantine. The five "unified" measures — unified leadership, actions, timing, spraying, and removal — are crucial. However, many localities only implement the last three steps, neglecting the importance of ground blocking. Now, emphasis must be placed on this critical step. By killing overwintering pests and exposing adults, we can reduce the need for heavy pesticide use and lower overall costs. After ground blocking, adult trapping and removal should follow. Traps should be used to catch and kill adults, while severely damaged fruits are removed and quarantined. Ground blocking methods include winter soil cultivation to expose pests and natural die-off through cold weather. Chemicals like 48% chlorsulfuron diluted at 1,000 times can also be applied around orchards, waxing facilities, and trading sites.
2. **Highlighting Bottle (Bowl) Trapping**
To improve control efficiency, chemical methods should shift from general spraying to targeted bottle trapping. Hanging bottles or bowls offer advantages such as cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and reusability. To make these traps, cut beverage bottles 10 cm from the bottom, create slits, and fold the sides to form a rain shield. Fill the bottles with a mixture of trichlorfon or lexicin diluted 15–20 times, combined with 10% brown sugar or 0.02% fly bait. Hang each bottle 1–1.5 meters above the ground, and replace the solution every 7–10 days. This method effectively captures and kills adult fruit flies.
3. **Alternating Pesticides for Better Control**
During the oviposition period, use a variety of pesticides alternately. For example, 90% dipterex diluted 600 times mixed with 3% brown sugar, or 48% lethburn diluted 1,000 times with 3% brown sugar. Fenvalerate diluted 800 times or 0.02% fly bait diluted 600 times can also be used. Mix the solutions thoroughly and spray them every 7–10 days, repeating 3–4 times. Avoid spraying if rain is expected within 24 hours.
4. **Reducing Canopy Spraying Scope**
Instead of spraying the entire orchard, focus on 1/3 of the trees and 1/3 of the canopy area in the upper part. For scattered orchards, full coverage is still necessary. Spray low-lying areas first, then move to higher altitudes.
5. **Changing Pod Disposal Methods**
After removing the pods, dig deep holes (1.5 meters) and bury them. Apply dichlorvos, trichlorfon, or phosphorothiophene solutions to the soil and cover with a plastic sheet before filling with earth. Repeat the treatment during the next ground-blocking season.
6. **Introducing Diverse Plant Species**
Planting a variety of crops and using zoning strategies can disrupt the food chain of fruit flies and reduce the need for large-scale joint defense. Encourage diverse planting in high-risk areas, focusing on one variety per village or group.
7. **Implementing Strict Transport Quarantine**
Prevent the sale of citrus from infected areas to non-infested regions. Prohibit farmers from bringing contaminated fruit to markets or exporting them. Strictly inspect any incoming citrus to avoid introducing new pest sources.
8. **Establishing a Professional Defense Team**
Government funding, local responsibility, and technical support from county-level departments should be combined. Assign clear responsibilities to individuals and ensure all steps are properly executed. Technical service centers and major producers should lead the effort, and specialized plant protection teams should be formed to enhance the effectiveness of joint defense.
Many people always love to use mocking tone to say other people: "You have neuropathy." in real life, It is essentially different with medical psychosis. First of all, it is clear that mental illness is a mental incapacity, behavioral abnormalities as the main features of the disease, regardless of any approach, mental patients have no civil capacity, but also can not be founding, more and more studies show that psychosis is from the pre-born which is a neurological disease caused by a genetic factor (gene) that has changed. The treatment of psychosis mainly take drug, behavioral therapy, work therapy, recreational therapy, psychological treatment and other aspects of grooming to eliminate or reduce the various obstacles to the patient. In addition, diet therapy is also a very good choice.In recent years, anti-psychotropic drugs continue to make a breakthrough, a variety of new drugs emerge in an endless stream, to bring more treatment of mental illness.
Anti-Psychotics Intermediate, Psychotisc Drugs,Anti Psychotics,Antipsychotics for Anxiety and Depression,Amisulpride Intermediate
Taizhou Volsen Chemical Co., Ltd. , https://www.volsenchem.com