Fertilizing peanuts effectively requires a well-planned approach that balances organic and inorganic sources, ensures proper timing of application, and provides the right nutrients at the right stage of growth. Here’s a detailed guide on how to optimize peanut fertilization:
1. **Basic Principles of Fertilizing Peanuts**
(1) **Organic First, Inorganic Second**: The primary source of nutrients should be organic fertilizer, which offers a full range of essential elements. Organic matter improves soil structure, enhances its physical and chemical properties, and supports beneficial microbial activity, such as that of rhizobia, which helps fix atmospheric nitrogen. Combining organic and inorganic fertilizers also reduces nutrient loss and fixation, making the available nutrients more accessible to plants.
(2) **Apply Base and Topdressing Fertilizer Appropriately**: Organic fertilizer is typically used as a base fertilizer, providing a slow release of nutrients throughout the growing season. Once the base fertilizer is applied, additional topdressing should be given based on the plant's growth condition—ensuring timely and measured applications to meet the crop's needs without over-fertilizing.
(3) **Balance Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium with Trace Elements**: A balanced mix of macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (such as boron and molybdenum) is crucial for optimal growth. This ensures that all essential elements are available in sufficient quantities to support healthy development and high yields.
2. **Types, Methods, and Quantities of Fertilization**
(1) **Base and Seed Fertilizer**: The use of base fertilizer is one of the most critical factors affecting peanut yield, especially in low-yield fields. This year, increasing the amount of base fertilizer will help meet the nutritional needs of peanuts throughout their entire growth cycle. Typically, 80–90% of the total fertilizer is applied as a base, mainly consisting of organic material along with some inorganic sources like nitrogen and phosphorus. The exact combination depends on the type and quantity of fertilizer used. Most base fertilizer is applied before sowing, with the remainder either spread during sowing or concentrated in specific areas. Before planting, seeds can be soaked in a solution of 0.2–0.3% ammonium molybdate or 0.01–0.1% boric acid to supply necessary micronutrients. During sowing, seed fertilizer such as 2–3 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 3–4 kg of diammonium phosphate is commonly used.
(2) **Recommended Application Rates**: For each mu (approximately 667 square meters), it is recommended to apply 2,500–5,000 kg of organic fertilizer, 10 kg of urea or 15 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 4–6 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Long-acting compound fertilizers are also advised, at a rate of 30–50 kg per mu. These practices help ensure thorough and balanced fertilization, leading to improved soil fertility and higher peanut yields.
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