Spring and summer are peak seasons for breeding in various livestock. However, some females may experience infertility even after mating. Repeated infertility can generally be categorized into four main types:
First, **acquired infertility** includes several subcategories. One is **symptomatic infertility**, which is the most common type. This can result from conditions such as chronic endometritis, ovarian insufficiency or atrophy, ovarian cysts, persistent corpus luteum, vaginitis, or fetal decomposition leading to abortion. Additionally, certain medical or surgical conditions can also contribute to infertility. Another category is **nutritional infertility**, which occurs when animals are either too fat or too thin, fed poor-quality feed, or lack essential minerals and vitamins. **Use-related infertility** happens when animals are overworked, such as those producing excessive milk or being bred too frequently. Lastly, **climatic infertility** can occur due to prolonged housing without access to sunlight.
Second, **congenital infertility** refers to birth defects that affect reproductive capability. This includes interspecies crossbreeding, hermaphroditism (where an animal has both male and female reproductive organs), metamorphosis females (females with fully developed male reproductive systems), or abnormalities in the reproductive tract—such as a single uterus, absence of the uterus, missing ovaries, closed cervix, double cervix, or excessive vaginal valves.
Third, **age-related infertility** occurs as animals grow older. For example, mares typically become infertile between 17 and 25 years, cows between 15 and 20 years, ewes between 6 and 9 years, and pigs between 6 and 8 years. If fertility ends earlier than expected, it might indicate an underlying health issue.
Lastly, **artificial infertility** can occur due to improper management. This includes mating females that are not in the right stage of estrus, failing to perform ovulation tests before breeding, or not correctly identifying the breeding stock. Overbreeding—such as attempting to breed multiple times in a day—can also lead to infertility in some cases.
By understanding these causes, farmers and breeders can take appropriate measures to improve reproductive success and maintain healthy livestock populations.
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