The spiny frog, commonly known as Stonehenge, Phosphorus, and Bone Ridges, belongs to the class Amphibia, order Anura, and is a type of frog. Artificial breeding of these frogs plays a crucial role in providing sufficient seedlings for sustainable aquaculture, especially in rural areas where it helps diversify local industries, boost income, and improve freshwater farming efficiency. In Gutian County, Fujian Province, the "Qingyuan Spiny Frog Ecological Farm" has spent over a decade developing techniques for artificial breeding. In 2004, they successfully bred spiny frogs using artificial methods, producing more than 10,000 individuals, which proved to be an effective model for rural economic development.
Artificial breeding of spiny frogs involves several key steps:
**First, Cultivation and Selection of Parent Frogs**
1. **Site Selection and Pool Construction**
The ideal location for the parent frog pool is a spring-fed area with clean water, good drainage, and a cool, shaded environment above 600 meters elevation. The pools are typically concrete structures, 1 meter high, with an area of 3–5 square meters, or up to 10 square meters if needed. The bottom slopes slightly toward a water outlet, which is 10–20 cm from the base to allow easy water level control. Water inlets are placed on the side, while outlets are at the lowest point. Pools should have land areas, rocks, grasses, feeding platforms, awnings, and anti-escape nets. New pools must be rinsed multiple times and disinfected before use.
2. **Stocking Density and Feeding**
The stocking density for parent frogs is 10–15 per square meter, decreasing to 5–8 during spawning season. A 1:1 male-to-female ratio is recommended. Frogs are fed once daily in the evening, primarily with quail, at about 5% of their body weight. Adjustments are made based on temperature, climate, and feeding behavior, ensuring a slight surplus for the next day.
3. **Selection of Parent Frogs**
Before reproduction, only healthy frogs are selected. Female frogs should weigh over 150g, males over 200g, and both should be free from injury or disease.
**Second, Artificial Breeding Process**
1. **Spawning Conditions**
Optimal spawning temperatures range between 18°C and 26°C. In eastern Fujian’s mountainous regions, the breeding season usually runs from late April to mid-September, with peak activity in late June. Male frogs call to attract females, and after pairing, eggs are released and fertilized externally in water. Each female can lay 400–600 eggs annually, sometimes up to 1,000. Fertilized eggs are black on top and white underneath, sticky, and can swell in water, increasing in size by 2–3 times.
2. **Egg Collection and Hatching**
Eggs are collected promptly during the breeding season to prevent them from sinking and dying due to hypoxia. Hatching pools are small concrete structures with 20cm deep water, holding 4–5 eggs per square meter. Maintaining clean water and removing unfertilized eggs is critical. Under normal conditions, hatching takes 7–8 days at 16–23°C or 4–5 days at 25–28°C, with a hatching rate of over 80%.
**Third, Feeding Young Frogs (Quail)**
1. **Pool Design for Fry**
The fry pond should be structured with a surface area of 10–30 square meters, featuring elevated platforms (frog islands) that remain above water. The water depth is 20–30cm, and inlet/outlet systems prevent escape. Shade materials can be added to mimic natural habitats.
2. **Preparation Before Stocking**
After construction, the pond is cleaned, filled with sand, and flushed with water 3–4 times over two weeks. Disinfection with lime, potassium permanganate, or bleach is done 7–10 days prior to stocking.
3. **Feeding and Rearing**
After 4–5 days, when yolk sacs disappear, earthworms are introduced. Stocking density varies depending on age—10-day-old tadpoles at 1000–2000 per square meter, and older ones at 300–500 per square meter. Sorting and regrading can reduce density to 100–200 per square meter, avoiding overcrowding.
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