Citrus fruits, including oranges, lemons, grapefruits, and other major citrus varieties, are typically harvested during the autumn and winter seasons. During this period, temperatures are relatively low, especially for winter-harvested oranges, which are often picked close to the ideal storage and transportation temperature. This allows for natural cooling before long-term preservation. However, in southern regions, where humidity levels are high, fruit diseases are more prevalent and can cause severe damage. Diseases like Penicillium are highly contagious; even a small amount of exposure can lead to rapid rotting. At higher temperatures, the rate of decay increases significantly. Therefore, after harvest, it's crucial to apply an antiseptic treatment. A specific biological hormone is often added to the solution to enhance cell activity, preventing the fruit's stem from withering, browning, or falling off.
During commercialization, proper handling is essential. This includes thorough sweating, cleaning (including removing diseased fruits), grading, and packaging. For larger citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, and similar varieties, waxing is commonly applied to improve appearance and increase market value.
Once packaged, the fruits are transported using various methods to their destination. The key principles during transport include fast loading and unloading, careful handling, protection from heat and cold, to minimize losses and maintain quality upon arrival.
For short-distance transportation, vehicles such as trucks, tractors, animal carts, and rickshaws are commonly used. When loading, it's important to stack the fruits neatly and avoid excessive vibrations. Covering the cargo helps protect the fruits from direct sunlight and rain. Water transport is also an effective option, as it causes less mechanical damage, though it tends to be slower.
For long-distance transportation, trains are often used, particularly for domestic sales of citrus fruits. These are usually transported in regular boxcars. It’s advisable to have trained personnel accompany the shipment to manage conditions and prevent damage from sun exposure, extreme heat, or freezing. In some cases, insulation equipment may be added. When transporting oranges to northern regions, where the climate is much colder, insulated cars are recommended to provide better temperature control. The vehicle doors and windows should be equipped with windbreaks to prevent cold air from directly affecting the fruits near these areas, ensuring they remain undamaged throughout the journey.
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