Citrus fruits, including oranges, lemons, grapefruits, and other major citrus varieties, are typically harvested during the autumn and winter seasons. At this time, the temperature is relatively low, making it ideal for storage and transportation. For instance, winter-harvested oranges can benefit from natural cooling before being stored or shipped, as the ambient temperature is close to the optimal range for preservation. However, in southern regions, where humidity levels are high, fruit diseases are more prevalent, with fungal infections like Penicillium being particularly common. These pathogens spread rapidly, especially when the fruit is exposed to poor conditions, leading to rapid decay. High temperatures further accelerate spoilage, so it's crucial to apply preservative treatments immediately after harvest.
To enhance the fruit's resistance to disease, a biological hormone is often added to the preservative solution. This helps maintain cell activity, preventing the fruit from drying out, browning, or losing its stem. In commercial handling, careful attention must be given to pre-treatment steps such as sweating, cleaning (including removal of diseased fruits), grading, and packaging. Waxing is also commonly used for larger citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, and grapefruits, as it improves appearance and increases market value.
Once packaged, the fruits need to be transported efficiently. The general principle is to load quickly, transport swiftly, handle gently, and protect against extreme temperatures to minimize damage and ensure quality upon arrival. For short-distance transport, vehicles such as trucks, tractors, animal carts, and rickshaws are commonly used. When loading, it's important to stack the fruit neatly and avoid excessive vibration. Covering the cargo with tarps helps shield the fruits from direct sunlight and rain.
Water transport is another option, especially for delicate fruits, as it causes less mechanical damage. Although slower, it’s a reliable method for preserving fruit quality. For long-distance transport, trains are frequently used, particularly for domestic sales. Citrus is usually transported in standard boxcars, and it's essential to have trained personnel accompany the shipment to monitor conditions and prevent issues like sun exposure, heat damage, or freezing. Insulated cars are recommended for transporting citrus to colder northern regions, where cold weather can cause frost damage. These vehicles should have proper ventilation and windproof barriers near doors and windows to protect the fruit from cold air currents. Ensuring stable temperature control throughout the journey is key to maintaining the freshness and quality of the citrus fruits.
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