In many regions of China this year, the combination of heavy rainfall, high humidity, and soaring temperatures has created a challenging environment for poultry farmers. Prolonged heat can cause heat stress and even heatstroke in laying hens, leading to reduced feed intake, lower egg production, and in severe cases, significant mortality. As a result, most layer farmers are facing serious challenges in maintaining stable and high productivity. To address these issues, it's essential to implement effective feeding and management strategies.
**(A) Cooling Measures**
1. **Ventilation**: The best approach is to use longitudinal ventilation, which is especially suitable for closed chicken houses. This involves installing a powerful exhaust fan at one end and air inlets at the opposite side, creating a continuous airflow that passes over the flock, helping them stay cool.
2. **Spray Cooling**: When ventilation is inadequate, spraying cool well water with a misting system during the hottest hours—noon and afternoon—can help reduce the temperature inside the house. Adding a small amount of disinfectant can also improve hygiene.
3. **Shade Canopies**: Installing shade canopies on the sunny side of the house and near entrances helps block sunlight, lowering indoor temperatures by 2–3°C. These canopies are usually made from chemical fiber materials that are both durable and breathable.
4. **White Paint for Heat Reduction**: Painting walls and roofs with white paint reduces heat absorption. This not only helps in cooling but also provides a hygienic environment for the chickens.
**(B) Feeding Adjustments**
1. **Increase Fat and Oil Content**: When temperatures exceed 25°C, hens tend to eat less, leading to nutrient deficiencies. Replacing some carbohydrates with fats and oils, and adding 1–2% fat to the diet, can improve energy intake and maintain egg production.
2. **Add Green and Juicy Feed**: Including fresh vegetables or green feeds increases palatability and provides essential vitamins, helping hens stay healthy and better resist heat stress.
3. **Calcium Supplementation**: Providing soluble calcium sources like limestone powder in the late afternoon supports shell formation and helps reduce the impact of heat stress.
4. **Adjust Feeding Times**: Hens tend to eat more during cooler morning and evening hours. Adjusting feeding schedules accordingly can boost feed intake and egg production.
5. **Heat Stress Additives**:
- **Vitamin C**: Adding 100 mg/kg of vitamin C to feed or 0.1% in drinking water improves immunity and egg output.
- **Herbal Supplements**: Certain Chinese herbs like gypsum and scorpion can help regulate body temperature and reduce stress.
- **Bacitracin Zinc**: Helps maintain feed intake and egg production under heat stress.
- **Sodium Bicarbonate**: Adding 0.1–0.2% to the diet stabilizes blood pH, reducing heat stress effects and improving egg quality.
**(C) Enhanced Management Practices**
1. **Fresh and Cool Water**: Ensuring constant access to clean, cool water is crucial. Adding probiotics can prevent digestive issues and support overall health.
2. **Reduce Stocking Density**: Lowering the number of birds per square meter helps reduce heat buildup and stress, especially when temperatures rise.
3. **Regular Disinfection**: Maintaining cleanliness through regular spraying and cleaning prevents disease outbreaks. It also contributes to a cooler and healthier environment for the flock.
By implementing these measures, farmers can significantly improve hen welfare, egg production, and overall profitability during the hot summer months.
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