**Foreword**
This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China.
It was developed by the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center and the Henan Province Soil Fertilizer Station.
The main contributors to this standard are Chen Shoulun, Zhao Hongkui, Ma Changbao, Zheng Yi, Zhao Mengxia, Yi Yulin, Du Sen, and Yang Fan.
**General Guidelines for Rational Use of Fertilizers**
**1 Scope**
This standard outlines the principles and guidelines for the rational use of fertilizers.
It is applicable to all materials that serve as sources of essential plant nutrients.
**2 Normative References**
The following documents contain provisions that, when referenced in this standard, become part of it. For dated references, only the editions cited apply. For undated references, the latest version is considered valid.
- GB/T 6274-1997: Terminology for Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners
**3 Terms and Definitions**
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard.
**3.1 Fertilizer**
See 2.1.2 of GB/T 6274-1997.
**3.2 Organic Fertilizer**
See 2.1.4 of GB/T 6274-1997.
**3.3 Inorganic (Mineral) Fertilizer**
See 2.1.3 of GB/T 6274-1997.
**3.4 Single Fertilizer**
See 2.1.16 of GB/T 6274-1997.
**3.5 Macronutrients**
The general term for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
**3.6 Secondary Nutrients**
The general term for calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
**3.7 Nitrogen Fertilizer**
A fertilizer that provides a dominant source of nitrogen (N) for plants.
**3.8 Phosphate Fertilizer**
A fertilizer that primarily supplies phosphorus (Pâ‚‚Oâ‚…) to plants.
**3.9 Potash Fertilizer**
A fertilizer that mainly provides potassium (Kâ‚‚O) to plants.
**3.10 Calcium Fertilizer**
A fertilizer designed to supply calcium (Ca) as its primary nutrient.
**3.11 Magnesium Fertilizer**
A fertilizer that provides magnesium (Mg) as the main nutrient.
**3.12 Sulfur Fertilizer**
A fertilizer that delivers sulfur (S) as its primary function.
**3.13 Trace Elements**
Micronutrients.
See 2.1.25.3 of GB/T 6274-1997.
**3.14 Beneficial Elements**
Elements not essential for plant growth but beneficial to certain plants, such as silicon or selenium.
**3.15 Compound Fertilizer**
See 2.1.17 of GB/T 6274-1997.
**3.16 Mixed Fertilizer**
See 2.1.18 of GB/T 6274-1997.
**3.17 Blended Fertilizer**
A dry-mixed fertilizer containing at least two of the three major nutrients (N, P, K), classified as a compound fertilizer.
**3.18 Organic-Inorganic Compound Fertilizer**
A product made by mixing or combining organic and inorganic fertilizers, labeled with their nutrient content.
**3.19 Microbial Fertilizer**
A living microbial product that improves soil fertility and crop nutrition.
**3.20 Plant Nutrient**
See 2.1.24 of GB/T 6274-1997.
**3.21 Fertilizer Nutrient**
See 2.1.25 of GB/T 6274-1997.
**3.22 Balanced Fertilization**
The practice of supplying and regulating nutrients to achieve optimal plant growth and yield.
**3.23 Fertilizer Effect**
The impact of fertilizer on crop yield, usually measured by the increase in yield per unit of applied nutrient.
**3.24 Dose**
See 2.1.23 of GB/T 6274-1997.
**3.25 Regular Fertilization**
Also known as customized fertilization, it refers to the average application rate of fertilizers (mainly N, P, K) over the past three years.
**4 Rational Use of Fertilizers**
**4.1 Objectives of Rational Fertilization**
Rational fertilization aims to achieve high yields, high quality, and high efficiency while preventing environmental pollution and improving soil fertility.
**4.2 Principles of Rational Fertilization**
**4.2.1 Mineral Nutrition Theory**
Plants require various essential nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and trace elements. Each plays a unique role and cannot be replaced. Beneficial elements also contribute to plant growth.
**4.2.2 Nutrient Return Theory**
Harvesting crops removes nutrients from the soil. To maintain soil fertility, these nutrients should be replenished through appropriate fertilization.
**4.2.3 Minimum Nutrient Law**
Yield is limited by the nutrient that is in the shortest supply. Supplementing this nutrient can improve production.
**4.2.4 Law of Diminishing Returns**
As fertilizer application increases, yield initially rises, but the marginal gain decreases. Excessive application may reduce yield.
**4.2.5 Factor Synthesis Law**
Plant growth depends on multiple factors, including water, light, temperature, and soil conditions. Fertilization should be combined with other agricultural practices for better results.
**4.3 Principles of Rational Fertilization**
Adhere to the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers; balance macronutrients with micronutrients; integrate base fertilization with top-dressing; and combine fertilization with other management practices.
**4.4 Basis for Rational Fertilization**
**4.4.1 Plant Nutrient Characteristics**
Different crops have varying nutrient needs depending on species, growth stage, and yield level.
**4.4.2 Soil Properties**
Soil type, texture, chemical composition, and biological activity influence nutrient availability and fertilizer effectiveness.
**4.4.3 Fertilizer Properties**
Fertilizer type and properties determine their suitability for specific crops and soils.
**4.5 Fertilization Techniques**
Techniques include selecting the right fertilizer type, applying the correct amount, adjusting nutrient ratios, timing, method, and placement. The amount of fertilizer is central to effective fertilization.
**4.5.1 Fertilizer Type**
Choose based on soil and plant requirements.
**4.5.2 Fertilizer Application Rate**
Methods include soil fertility classification, target yield allocation, and field experiments.
**4.5.3 Nutrient Ratio**
Adjust the ratio of nutrients to achieve balanced fertilization.
**4.5.4 Timing of Fertilization**
Apply during key growth stages, especially in irrigated areas.
**4.5.5 Fertilization Method**
Use methods suited to the fertilizer type, such as deep application for nitrogen or centralized placement for phosphate.
**4.5.6 Fertilization Location**
Place fertilizers according to plant needs, such as side dressing for row crops.
**5 Benefit Evaluation of Rational Fertilization**
**5.1 Yield Increase Rate**
Calculated as the percentage increase in yield compared to conventional fertilization:
$$ a(\%) = \frac{a_1 - a_2}{a_1} \times 100 $$
Where $ a_1 $ is the yield under rational fertilization, and $ a_2 $ is the yield under conventional fertilization.
**5.2 Fertilizer Utilization Rate**
Measures how much of the applied fertilizer is absorbed by plants:
$$ b(\%) = \frac{b_1 - b_2}{b_3} \times 100 $$
Where $ b_1 $ is the nutrients absorbed from fertilizer, $ b_2 $ is the nutrients from the soil, and $ b_3 $ is the total nutrients in the fertilizer.
**5.3 Economic Benefits**
Evaluate net income and input-output ratio:
$$ c = c_1 - c_2 $$
Where $ c_1 $ is the increased value from fertilization, and $ c_2 $ is the cost of fertilization.
**5.3.1 Input-Output Ratio**
$$ d = \frac{d_1}{d_2} $$
Where $ d_1 $ is the cost of fertilization, and $ d_2 $ is the increased output value.
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