**Foreword**
This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. It was drafted by the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center and the Henan Province Soil Fertilizer Station. The main contributors to this standard include Chen Shoulun, Zhao Hongkui, Ma Changbao, Zheng Yi, Zhao Mengxia, Yi Yulin, Du Sen, and Yang Fan.
**General Guidelines for Rational Use of Fertilizers**
**1 Scope**
This standard outlines the principles and guidelines for the rational use of fertilizers. It applies to various materials that provide essential nutrients for plant growth.
**2 Normative References**
The following documents contain provisions that, when referenced in this standard, become part of it. For dated references, only the version cited applies. For undated references, the latest version is applicable.
- GB/T 6274-1997: Terminology for Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners
**3 Terms and Definitions**
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard:
- **3.1 Fertilizer**: See 2.1.2 of GB/T 6274-1997.
- **3.2 Organic Fertilizer**: See 2.1.4 of GB/T 6274-1997.
- **3.3 Inorganic [Mineral] Fertilizer**: See 2.1.3 of GB/T 6274-1997.
- **3.4 Single Fertilizer**: See 2.1.16 of GB/T 6274-1997.
- **3.5 Macronutrients**: The general term for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
- **3.6 Micronutrients**: The general term for calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
- **3.7 Nitrogen Fertilizer**: A fertilizer primarily supplying nitrogen (N) to plants.
- **3.8 Phosphate Fertilizer**: A fertilizer primarily supplying phosphorus (Pâ‚‚Oâ‚…) to plants.
- **3.9 Potash Fertilizer**: A fertilizer primarily supplying potassium (Kâ‚‚O) to plants.
- **3.10 Calcium Fertilizer**: A fertilizer primarily supplying calcium (Ca) to plants.
- **3.11 Magnesium Fertilizer**: A fertilizer primarily supplying magnesium (Mg) to plants.
- **3.12 Sulfur Fertilizer**: A fertilizer primarily supplying sulfur (S) to plants.
- **3.13 Trace Element**: Also known as a micronutrient. See 2.1.25.3 of GB/T 6274-1997.
- **3.14 Beneficial Element**: Elements not essential for all plants but beneficial to certain species, such as silicon or selenium.
- **3.15 Compound Fertilizer**: See 2.1.17 of GB/T 6274-1997.
- **3.16 Complex Fertilizer**: See 2.1.18 of GB/T 6274-1997.
- **3.17 Blended Fertilizer**: A dry-mixed fertilizer containing at least two of the three primary nutrients (N, P, K).
- **3.18 Organic-Inorganic Compound Fertilizer**: A product made by mixing organic and inorganic materials, labeled with nutrient content.
- **3.19 Microbial Fertilizer**: A living microbial product that enhances soil fertility and plant nutrition.
- **3.20 Plant Nutrient**: See 2.1.24 of GB/T 6274-1997.
- **3.21 Fertilizer Nutrient**: See 2.1.25 of GB/T 6274-1997.
- **3.22 Balanced Fertilization**: The practice of supplying and regulating nutrients to meet plant needs scientifically.
- **3.23 Fertilizer Effect**: The impact of fertilizer on crop yield, typically expressed as an increase in yield per unit of applied nutrient.
- **3.24 Dose**: The amount of fertilizer applied, see 2.1.23 of GB/T 6274-1997.
- **3.25 Regular Fertilizing**: Also known as custom fertilization, based on previous three years' average application rates of N, P, K.
**4 Principles of Rational Fertilization**
**4.1 Objectives of Rational Fertilization**
Rational fertilization aims to achieve high yield, quality, efficiency, environmental protection, and improved soil fertility.
**4.2 Key Principles**
- **Mineral Nutrition Theory**: Plants require essential nutrients like N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and others. Each plays a unique role and is irreplaceable.
- **Nutrient Return Theory**: Harvesting removes nutrients from the soil; they must be replenished to maintain soil fertility.
- **Minimum Nutrient Law**: Yield is limited by the nutrient in shortest supply. Supplementing this nutrient increases productivity.
- **Law of Diminishing Returns**: Increasing fertilizer beyond a point leads to lower returns or even reduced yields.
- **Factor Synthesis Law**: Fertilization should be combined with other agricultural practices for optimal results.
**4.3 Guiding Principles for Rational Fertilization**
- Combine organic and inorganic fertilizers.
- Balance macronutrients with micronutrients.
- Use base fertilizer and topdressing together.
- Integrate fertilization with other agronomic measures.
**4.4 Basis for Rational Fertilization**
- **Plant Nutrient Characteristics**: Different crops and growth stages have varying nutrient needs.
- **Soil Properties**: Soil type, texture, pH, and biological activity affect nutrient availability.
- **Fertilizer Properties**: The form, solubility, and release rate of fertilizers influence their effectiveness.
**4.5 Fertilization Techniques**
- **Type of Fertilizer**: Chosen based on soil and crop requirements.
- **Amount of Fertilizer**: Determined by soil testing, target yield, and field trials.
- **Nutrient Ratio**: Adjusted to match plant needs and soil conditions.
- **Timing**: Applied during critical growth stages and irrigation periods.
- **Method**: Deep placement, surface application, or foliar spray, depending on fertilizer type.
- **Location**: Applied near roots or in specific zones for maximum absorption.
**5 Evaluation of Benefits from Rational Fertilization**
**5.1 Yield Increase Rate**
The increase in yield compared to conventional methods is calculated using the formula:
$$ a(\%) = \frac{a_1 - a_2}{a_1} \times 100 $$
Where $ a_1 $ is the yield under rational fertilization, and $ a_2 $ is the yield under conventional fertilization.
**5.2 Fertilizer Utilization Rate**
Measures how much of the applied nutrients are absorbed by plants:
$$ b(\%) = \frac{b_1 - b_2}{b_3} \times 100 $$
Where $ b_1 $ is the nutrients taken up by plants, $ b_2 $ is the nutrients from the soil, and $ b_3 $ is the total fertilizer applied.
**5.3 Economic Benefits**
- **Net Income**: Calculated as the difference between increased output value and fertilization cost:
$$ c = c_1 - c_2 $$
Where $ c_1 $ is the added value from fertilization, and $ c_2 $ is the cost of applying fertilizer.
- **Input-Output Ratio**: Measures profitability:
$$ d = \frac{d_1}{d_2} $$
Where $ d_1 $ is the fertilization cost, and $ d_2 $ is the increased output value.
By following these guidelines, farmers can optimize fertilizer use, improve crop yields, and protect the environment.
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